I. Introduction It is undisputed that, for long, we carried the weight of colonial legislations, such as the criminal law trio, namely the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (now replaced by the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 ). The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (now replaced by the Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 ) and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (now replaced by the Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ). While the move was celebrated and welcomed as a positive step towards replacing the colonial era laws and introducing a more victim-centric approach and technological integration, it equally received criticism on the potential for state surveillance, with the increased digitisation. In India, state surveillance is allowed, under the Indian Telegraph Act,1885 , Post Office Act, 2023 and Information Technology Act, 2000 , along with the relevant Rules . The situations c...
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