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Showing posts from July, 2025

State Control and Digital Dispossession: A Critique of the UMEED Rules, 2025

  I.       Introduction It is undisputed that, for long, we carried the weight of colonial legislations, such as the criminal law trio, namely the  Indian Penal Code, 1860  (now replaced by the  Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 ).  The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (now replaced by the  Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 ) and the  Indian Evidence Act, 1872  (now replaced by the  Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ). While the move was celebrated and welcomed as a positive step towards replacing the colonial era laws and introducing a more victim-centric approach and technological integration, it equally received criticism on the potential for state surveillance, with the increased digitisation.  In India, state surveillance is allowed, under the  Indian Telegraph Act,1885 ,  Post Office Act, 2023  and  Information Technology Act, 2000 , along with the relevant  Rules . The situations c...